| Willits Area Imported Energy Usage, Prese=
nt
Day |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [=
Off-grid
& local generation (solar, hydro, wind, etc.) not considered] |
|
| rev. 04/12/05, bsc |
|
| Fuel |
Annual
Residential |
Annual =
Non-Resid. |
Total (=
annual) |
Units
| Unit Co=
st |
Annual=
Value |
Total (=
daily),
Therms |
Total D=
aily
MegaWattHrs (MWh) |
Average Daily per Person=
(KWh) |
CO2 Emission Factor |
Total CO2 Emissions (ton=
s) |
Fuel Source & Proc=
essing |
Data Sources (see Notes)=
|
| Natural
Gas |
0.91 |
0.87 |
1.78 |
MT |
$1,200,000 |
$2,136,000 |
4,877 |
143 |
11 |
11.70 |
10,413 |
15% C=
alif., 24%
Foreign (Canada); pipelined |
1, 2, 3=
, 7 |
| Electricity |
37 |
28 |
65 |
MKWh |
$140,000 |
$9,100,000 |
6,080 |
178 |
13 |
1.43 |
46,47=
5 |
78%
Calif. (Calif. Fuels: 33% natural gas, 13% nuclear, 12% hydro, 10% coal, =
10%
renewable), minor Foreign (Canada); transmission lines |
non-resid=3D1,
12; resid=3D4; 8 |
| Gasoline |
|
|
5,626,746 |
Gallons |
$2.50 |
$14,066,865 |
17,11=
1 |
501 |
38 |
19.80 |
=
55,705 |
42%
Calif., 35% Foreign; pipelined, sea transport; in-state refineries |
3,
5, 10 |
| Other Transportation Fuels (e.g. Diesel) |
|
|
838,026 |
Gallons |
$2.50 |
$2,095,065 |
3,0=
31 |
89 |
7 |
19.80 |
=
8,296 |
as
above, negligible bio fuels |
as
above |
| Propane |
|
|
750,000 |
Gallons |
$2.25 |
$1,687,500 |
1,3=
97 |
41 |
3 |
12.67 |
4,751 |
refined,
generally from natural gas |
14 |
| Firewood |
|
|
8,423 |
Cords |
$=
175 |
$1,474,069 |
3,231 |
95 |
7 |
1.00 |
10,487 |
See n=
ote 16 |
6, 9
|
| Total Daily Consumption: |
35,727 |
1,046 |
79 |
| |
|
|
| Total Annual Value of Consumed energy: |
$30,559,499 |
|
|
|
|
| &n=
bsp; |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Annual =
Cost [per
Person], [per Household] of Total Fuels Consumed (note 11): |
$2,297 |
$5,986.19 |
|
| Percent=
age of
Median After-tax Household Income Expended on Energy (note 13): |
24% |
|
| &nb=
sp; |
|
|
|
| Total =
Annual
Emissions for Consumed Energy (tons): |
136,127 |
|
| Annual=
CO2
Emissions [per Person], [per Household] in tons from above-noted fuels (n=
otes
11, 15): |
10 |
27 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Abbreviations |
|
Peak consumptio=
ns |
|
| MT |
MegaTherm (1 Million Therms)=
|
|
Natural Gas: |
December, January (15%/mo of=
annual) |
|
| MW |
MegaWatt (1 Million Watts)
| |
Electricity: |
August, December, January (1=
0%/mo of
annual) |
|
| MKWh |
MegaKiloWatt Hour (1 Billion=
Watts
per hour, or 1 GigaWatt) |
|
Transp. Fuels: |
August (8.9% of annual) |
|
| KWh |
KiloWatt Hour (1 Thousand Wa=
tts per
hour) |
|
| <=
/td>
| Transportation =
Fuel
Emissions (lbs per gallon) (note 10) |
|
| Conversion
Formulas |
|
Hydrocarbons (CxHy) |
0.15 |
|
| 1=
KWh =3D
3414.3 BTU (British Thermal Units) |
|
Carbon Monoxide (CO) |
1.1 |
|
| 1=
Therm =3D
100,000 BTU =3D 0.0293 MWh |
|
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) |
19.8 |
|
| 1
horsepower =3D 0.746 KiloWatts |
|
Nitrous Oxides (NOx) |
0.07 |
|
| 1=
ton =3D
2000 lbs (pounds) |
|
Benzene |
|
0.004 |
|
| =
|
| Fuel
Potentials (Obtainable) |
|
Willits Area De=
mographics
(95490 zip code) (note 13) |
|
| Gasoline |
111,000 |
BTU/gallon |
|
Population: |
|
13302 |
|
| Grade 1 distil. fuels |
132,000 |
BTU/gallon |
(e.g. diesel) |
|
Households: |
|
5105 |
|
| Biodiesel |
119,000 |
BTU/gallon |
|
Pop. / Househol=
d: |
2.6 |
|
| Wood, dry |
5650 |
BTU/lb |
14,000,000 |
BTU/cord |
|
Median Househol=
d Income: |
$36,000 |
$25,200 |
(after tax liability of ~30%=
) |
|
| Propane |
1870 |
BTU/ft3 |
68,000 |
BTU/gallon (1 gal liq. =3D 3=
6.3ft^3
gas) |
Approximate siz=
e |
321 miles ^2 |
206,000 acres
| |
| =
|
| Sources & Notes=
|
|
| 1=
. PG&E
data for town of Willits |
|
10. Emissions data source: R=
ocky
Mountain Institute except firewood (OMNI Environmental) |
|
| 2.
Distribution of natural gas generally limited to town proper |
|
11. Per-person =
impacts
derived by dividing region total by population |
|
| 3.
California Energy Commission |
|
(thereby inclu=
des
share of non-residential consumption) |
|
| 4.
Extrapolated from (3) figures for Mendocino County using (13) |
|
12. Majority of=
business
& industry located in town proper |
|
| 5=
. US
Department of Transportation, extrapolated for local population |
|
13. US Census F=
igures,
2000 |
|
| 6.
Mendocino Air Quality Management |
|
14. Census of l=
ocal
dealers, Propane CO2 emissions in lbs/gallon |
|
| 7=
. Gas
costs set @ $1.20/Therm, CO2 emissions in lbs/Therm |
|
15. When agricu=
ltural,
commercial, industrial, mass transit and other common interests |
|
| 8.
Electricity costs set @ $0.14/KWh, CO2 emissions in lbs/KWh |
|
are
considered, the per household annual share of GH gasses are estimated at<=
font
class=3Dfont8> 80 =
tons
(source RMI). |
| 9.
1 cord ~=3D 2500 lbs (128 ft^3), CO2 emissions in lbs/lb, conventional wo=
od
stove, 20% moisture |
16. Wood source=
includes
pellet fuel, firewood source undefined but majority likely from immediate
area. |
| <=
/td>
| |
|
| <=
/td>
| |
|
| Greenhouse
Gas Emissions & Fuel Cost Comparison by Common Energy Units Consumed:=
|
|
| Fuel |
Cost Ra=
nking
(lowest=3D1) |
Emissio=
ns Ranking
(lowest=3D1) |
Equiv A=
nnual Qty |
Units
| Unit Co=
st |
Annual=
Value |
Equiv d=
aily,
Therms |
Equiv d=
aily MWh |
CO2 Emi=
ssion
Factor |
Total C=
O2
Emissions (tons) |
|
| Natural Gas |
2 |
1 |
0.365 |
MT |
$1,200,000 |
$438,000 |
1,000 |
29 |
11.70 |
2=
,135 |
|
| Electricity |
6 |
6 |
10.69 |
MKWh |
$140,000 |
$1,496,600 |
1,000
| 29 |
1.43 |
7=
,643 |
|
| Gasoline |
4 |
4 |
328,840 |
Gallons |
$2.00
|
$657,680 |
1,=
000 |
29 |
19.80 |
3,256 |
|
| Other Transp Fuels |
3 |
2 |
276,485 |
Gallons |
$2.25 |
$622,091 |
1,=
000 |
29 |
19.80 |
2,737 |
|
| Propane |
5 |
5 |
536,864 |
Gallons |
$2.00
|
$1,073,728 |
1,=
000 |
29 |
12.67 |
3,401 |
|
|
|
| Firewood |
1 |
3 |
2,607 |
Cords |
$165 |
$430,214 |
1,=
000 |
29 |
1.00 |
3,=
246 |
|
| <=
/td>
|
| <=
/td>
| Possible conclu=
sions that
can be drawn from this comparison: |
|
| <=
/td>
| 1) Petroleum products (except
propane) are underpriced as is firewood |
|
| <=
/td>
| 2) Electricity is overpriced=
and the
GH gas emission not as closely controlled as we are led to believe |
|
| <=
/td>
| 3) For conventional fuels, =
wood and
wood waste (bio-mass), with a high-efficiency gassifier, is a possible
locally-produced long-term fuel |
|
| <=
/td>
| 4) Willits would do well to =
promote
wider use of solar electricity due to the high GH gas content of that
provided by PG&E |
|
| =
|
| =
|
 <=
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| Willits Area Energy Vision |
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| r=
ev.
04/12/05, bsc |
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| =
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| What
can we do to reduce our dependence on 'foreign' energy? |
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| =
The most
important is to reduce and to conserve (e.g. the same as if you were
installing alternative energy on your house) |
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| =
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| Goal:
Reduce our total community energy usage by 50%=
(ref. Present Day Table's 'Total Annual figure) by 2010 |
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| Remember,
this would also reduce per-household expenditures providing potentially m=
ore
$$ for the local economy. |
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| 10
Suggestions on How We Can Do This: |
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| Individuals and Households: |
Willits
Area Government and Community: |
| 1. Drive smaller more efficient vehices<=
/font>. Drive the v=
ehicle
capacity needed for the trip. |
1. Goal to have 80% of our community employment loc=
al by 2012 (reduce commuting, keep $$ local). Encourage by tax breaks and gran=
ts to
entrepreneurial and other business startups and expansions. |
| 2. Ride share=
when
possible. Plan and combine
multiple trips (and shop local when possible). Share or co-own special purpose =
and
large capacity vehicles (e.g. vans, trucks, etc.). |
2. Encourage industrial
co-location (waste stream re-use, shared heati=
ng
costs, etc.) through zoning and new business development advisory service=
s. |
| 3. Install an attic fan to help cool your house, prolonging the need to turn on the
airconditioner in the summertime (savings 5-15=
%). |
3. Scale building permi=
t fees by energy efficiency and alternative/passive energy
content. Question all build=
ing
applications as to energy impacts. |
| 4. Lower your thermostat in the winter (and raise in the summer). Heat/cool (and light) only the p=
ortion
of the house being used. Co=
nsider
a programable thermostat upgrade. (savings: &g=
t;5%) |
4. Expand the recycling
center so that usable items (e.g. building
materials) are segregated and purchasable [revenue stream pays for
workers/program]. |
| 5. Buy EnergyStar appliances when upgrading home appliances (savings: 5-30%). Replace light bulbs with <=
/font>compact fluorescents (savings: <=
/font>5%). |
5. Promote existing (e.g. PG&E, CPUC)
programs to increase household efficiency (insulation, thermostat settings & upgrades, compact
fluorescent bulbs, EnergyStar appliance upgrades, etc.). |
| 6. Consider solar hot water either to preheat or to replace existing hot water heater
(savings: 15-30%).<=
/font> |
6. Start a community-wide solar
and alternative energy cooperative to ensure l=
owest
prices and best advice. CCE=
nergy
helped establish Sebastopol's and is interested in doing one here.=
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| 7. Consider solar / alternative electric=
for your house and take advantage of the rebate programs
(typically 50%) for the same. |
7. Promote and encourage ride
sharing.
Parking lot for the same?
Evaluate local commute needs and determine if MTA schedule changes or addition=
s could
supplement. |
| 8. Conserve water by
fixing leaky faucets, upgrading toilets and installing irrigation drippers
and timers. |
8. Locate and administer grants for local <=
font
class=3Dfont5>co-generation startups (bio-waste
gassifiers, etc.). Outside
funding sources include the PUC, SBA. |
| 9. Employ local
businesses and labor. Use <=
/font>local products (when building, e=
tc.). |
9. Locate and administer electric
vehicle incentives (including city vehicles).<=
span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Expand vehicle charging stations (number of). |
| 10. Recycle b=
uilding
waste as well as your other 'junk' -- one person's trash is another's
treasure! |
10. Take ownership of the local electric gr=
id
and create a community-owned power company [call for article on process]. This will also reduce electric c=
osts
to the community and greenhouse gasses from electricy production we use.<=
span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> It will also keep the revenue st=
ream
local for future expansion. This
is an important aspect for local electricity/fuels generation as follows
below |
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| =
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| OK,
now that we have reduced our 'foreign' energy dependency, what can we do =
to
produce the remaining needs locally? |
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| =
We have 3
good resources to start with -- good solar insolation, good land, abundant
biowaste -- each with a role in meeting our energy needs.. |
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| Bio Fuels from BioWaste (e.g. mill waste and forest
undergrowth clearing) and Sustainable Forest Harvesting |
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1 acre provides approximately 10,=
000
linear board feet of wood and approximately 100 ft^3 of usable process
residue (notes 1, 2) |
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| =
To harvest
sustainably, restrict harvest to 1%/acre/year<=
font
class=3Dfont0>. This gives =
us ~93ft^3/acre/year harvestable. |
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| D=
ougFir has
a weight of 28lbs/ft^3, a =
good
medium for the range of species in our woodlands. |
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| T=
his
equates to 2600lbs of harv=
estable
wood fuels / acre / year. |
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| Given
an obtainable energy of ~5600 BTU/lb (see prev. table), this translates into 145 Therms or 4.27
MWh per acre per year. |
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| Based
on this, reasonable production would be (per acre/per year) |
145 |
Therms |
or |
4.27 |
MWh |
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| =
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| On-going
Costs: labor & processing costs, combustion emiss=
ions |
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| Potential
fuel use: electricity generation, liquid fuel and heat
generation (e.g. steam-> community buildings) |
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| Startup
Vision: Experimental gassification plant -> electr=
icity
co-generator, near recycle center |
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| =
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| <=
/td>
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| Bio Fuels from Crops (i.e. oil crops) |
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| Oil
Crops & Annual Yields (note 3): |
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Cost to farm: |
8.75 gallons/acre |
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| Soybean |
40 |
Gallons/acre/year |
Cost to process: |
est. 1% of production (react=
ion
chemicals of alcohol, lye, etc.) plus labor |
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| Mustard |
140 |
" |
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| Rapeseed |
110-145 |
" |
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BioFuels gener=
ally
classified in terms of Energy Balance (units of energy out to energy units
cost to produce) |
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| Algae |
10,000-20,000 |
" |
|
Biodiesel |
3.24 |
based on soybean crops -- th=
e lowest
of the yields |
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| <=
/td>
| Ethanol |
1.25 |
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| =
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| N=
ote: to
use straight vegetable oil still requires (bio)diesel to start the engine=
. |
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| =
Biodiesel
has an obtainable energy of ~119,000 BTU/gallon, 1.19 Therm/gallon, 0.034=
87
MWh/gallon (see prev. table). |
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| =
|
| Rapeseed
or Mustard (locally-producable crops) |
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| 120 gallons/acre
(costs removed as share of production) converts to 154.7 Therms or 4.53 MWh per acre per year. |
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| Algae (experimental, UNH) |
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| 10,000 gallons/acre
( " " " " ) converts to 11,900 Therms or 348.7 MWh per acre per year. |
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| Based
on this, reasonable production would be (per acre/per year) |
155 |
Therms |
or |